Hornbostel–Sachs

Hornbostel–Sachs taxonomy

Musical instruments classified by how they produce sound — from the five abstract families down through ever more particular subclasses.

1Idiophones6 subcategories2Membranophones4 subcategories3Chordophones3 subcategories4Aerophones3 subcategories5Electrophones6 subcategories
41Free aerophones4 subcategories42Wind instruments proper5 subcategories43Mixed sets of aerophones
420Edge-tone instruments that are not flutes421Edge instruments or flutes3 subcategories422Reedpipes4 subcategories423Labrosones3 subcategories424Membranopipes
421.1Flutes without duct4 subcategories421.2Flutes with duct2 subcategories421.23Flutes with internal baffle and external cover
421.21Flutes with external duct2 subcategories421.22Flutes with internal duct2 subcategories
421.221Single flutes with internal duct4 subcategories421.222Sets of flutes with internal duct4 subcategories
421.221.1Open flutes with internal duct2 subcategories421.221.2Partly-stopped flutes with internal duct421.221.3Stopped flutes with internal duct2 subcategories421.221.4Vessel flutes with duct2 subcategories
421.221.31Stopped internal-duct flutes without fingerholes2 subcategories421.221.32Stopped internal-duct flutes with fingerholes
421.221.311Stopped internal-duct flutes with fixed stopped lower end421.221.312Stopped internal-duct flutes with adjustable stopped lower end

Stopped internal-duct flutes with adjustable stopped lower end (421.221.312)