Hornbostel–Sachs

Hornbostel–Sachs taxonomy

Musical instruments classified by how they produce sound — from the five abstract families down through ever more particular subclasses.

1Idiophones6 subcategories 2Membranophones4 subcategories 3Chordophones3 subcategories 4Aerophones3 subcategories 5Electrophones6 subcategories

41Free aerophones4 subcategories 42Wind instruments proper5 subcategories 43Mixed sets of aerophones

420Edge-tone instruments that are not flutes 421Edge instruments or flutes3 subcategories 422Reedpipes4 subcategories 423Labrosones3 subcategories 424Membranopipes

421.1Flutes without duct4 subcategories 421.2Flutes with duct2 subcategories 421.23Flutes with internal baffle and external cover

421.21Flutes with external duct2 subcategories 421.22Flutes with internal duct2 subcategories

421.221Single flutes with internal duct4 subcategories 421.222Sets of flutes with internal duct4 subcategories

421.222.1Sets of open flutes with internal duct2 subcategories 421.222.2Sets of partly-stopped flutes with internal duct 421.222.3Sets of stopped flutes with internal duct 421.222.4Sets of dissimilar flutes with internal duct

421.222.11Sets of open internal-duct flutes without fingerholes 421.222.12Sets of open internal-duct flutes with fingerholes